Changing Self Perceptions
A controlled efficacy study of the Quadrinity Process
by Christiane Windhausen
The Procedure & Methodology
The four paper and pencil self-report instruments of this dissertation
study are: The Frankfurter Selbstkonzeptskalen (FSKN);
The Symptom-Check-Liste (SCL 90-R); The
Unsicherheitsfragebogen (U-Fragebogen); and
The Giessen-Test (GTS und GTIS).
The investigator, Christiane Windhausen, began
with the axiom that changes occurring in the Quadrinity Process
subjects would span social, affective, and cognitive aspects of
an individual. Thus the instruments to measure changes varied in
terms of their emphasis. The first instrument she chose was concerned
mainly with the issues of the Selbstkonzepte Self Concept. The instruments
used was: The Frankfurter Selbstkonzeptskalen (FSKN) Frankfurter—Self
Concept Scales. The FSKN has 78 items and 10 sub-scales. The sub-scales
are as follows:
- FASL: Allgemeine Leistungsfaehigkeit—General Capacity
for Responsibility
- FSVE: Verhaltens- und Entscheidungssicherheit—Capacity
for stick-with-it-ness in personal decision-making in everyday
circumstances
- FSST: Standfestigkeit gegenueber Gruppen und bedeutsamen
anderen—Capacity for representing one's own opinion in
the face of authority and group interchanges
- FSKU: Kontakt- und Umgangsfaehigkeit—Capacity to
commence and end conversations, to successfully mingle in social
contexts
- FSWA: Wertschaetzung durch andere—Self worth, as
seen by others, especially in the family
- FSIA: Irritierbarkeit durch andere—Emotional agitation
through others influence
- FSGA: Gefuele und Beziehungen zu anderen—Feelings
and relationships with others
- FSSW: Allgemeine Selbstwertschaetzung—General feelings
of self worth
- FSEG: Empfindlichkeit und Gestimmtheit—Sensitivity
and Sensibility
Windhausen chose the second instrument to gauge
mainly the number and severity of medical and psychological complaints.
The instrument used was the Symptom-Check-Liste (SCL 90-R)
(German Edition). This is a 90 item self-report test, in which the
subject chooses the severity of symptom (rating from 1-5) from no
symptoms to severe symptoms. There are 9 sub-scales for the SCL
90-R. They are the following:
- SCL 1: Somatisierung—Somatization
- SCL 2: Zwanghaftigkeit—Obsessive-Compulsive
- SCL 3: Unsicherheit im—Sozialkontakt Interpersonal
Sensitivity
- SCL 4: Depressivitaet—Depression
- SCL 5: Aengstlichkeit—Anxiety
- SCL 6: Aggressivitaet und Feindseligkeit—Hostility
- SCL 7: Phobische Angst—Phobic Anxiety
- SCL 8: Paranoides Denken—Paranoid Ideation
- SCL 9: Psychotizismus—Psychotism
The third instrument Windhausen used was the Unsicherheitsfragebogen
(U-Fragebogen) Confidence Questionnaire. This test has 65 items,
from which 6 sub-scales have developed:
- U1: Fehlschlag- und Kritikangst—Fear of blame and
criticism
- U2: Kontaktangst—Fear of contact from those of the
opposite sex, fear of responsibility
- U3: Fordern koennen—Inability to set plans and set
plans into motion
- U4: Nicht-nein-sagen-koennen—Inability to say no
- U5: Schuldgefuehle—Feeling of self-blame in relation
to own actions as they relate to and affect others
- U6: Anstaendigkeit—Inappropriately exaggerated feelings
of embarrassment
The fourth instrument used sought to clarify
the notion of self-perception and the ideal-self-perception of the
subjects. Self-perception is simply the picture that the person
might have of themselves. Ideal-self-perception is a picture of
a future goal, one that has not yet been realized. Windhausen used
the Giessen-Test (GTS und GTIS). There are 40 items and a
number of scales were specifically chosen to answer research questions
dealing with relationships with others, emotional styles and perceptions
of self.
- GTS 1: Soziale Resonanz—Differentiating attributes
of being loved or shunned in social settings
- GTS 2: Dominanz—Differentiating attributes of dominance,
showing authoritarian traits or self effacing submissive qualities
- GTS 3: Kontrolle—Differentiating attributes of control
— either uncontrolled behavior or over-controlled behavior
- GTS 4: Grundstimmung—Differentiating attributes
of either hypomanic or depressive styles of interpersonal relationships
- GTS 5: Durchlassigkeit—Differentiating attributes
of retentive or expressive styles of interpersonal relationship
- GTS 6: Sociale Potenz—Differentiating attributes
regarding social skills such as demonstrated comfort in heterosexual
contact, free with imagination, ability to socialize easily
Collectively, the above questionnaires took approximately 1.5 hours
to complete. Both the experimental group (Quadrinity Process) and
the control group (3-month group therapy clinic) finished the questionnaires
before the treatment. The second sitting for answering the questions
was directly after the treatment. Further requests for completing
the questionnaires occurred at 3 and 6 months after the treatment.
The Quadrinity Process group has a further probe after a 12-month
period. In both groups, the voluntary completion of the test diminished
with approximately equal frequency. That is, the number of voluntary
respondents diminished after each testing with both the experimental
and control groups, in approximately equal proportion.
The experimental and control groups did vary in size. There was
finally an n=56 for the experimental group, while the control group
had an n=22. The experimental group showed a return of the questionnaire
with an n=44 for the 12 month post-intervention testing, while the
control group was not tested for this last analysis. The average
age ranged in the 30-40 year age group, while the female population
of both groups was at 70%. Both groups showed a high percentage
of professionals, especially including those in the health professions.
Another highly represented group was sales people. These demographics
resulted in a higher than average income range.
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